离子色谱法同时测定水中的甲酸、乙酸、丙烯酸和氯乙酸

建立了离子色谱电导同时检测水中甲酸、乙酸、丙烯酸和氯乙酸的方法,当采用1.0mL/min、1mmol/L KOH淋洗液梯度洗脱时可达到样品中甲酸、乙酸、丙烯酸和氯乙酸分离分析的目的;乙酸、甲酸、丙烯酸和氯乙酸的线性范围分别为0.01～10.0、0.01～20.0、0.01～20.0和0.01～20.0mg/L,检出限分...     

紫花苜蓿改良盐渍土对土壤微生物活性和养分含量的影响

为探讨干旱地区种植紫花苜蓿改良盐渍土对土壤微生物生物量及其活性和土壤养分的影响,选择河西走廊黑河流域国有临泽农场的草甸盐土荒地作为对照,研究了种植紫花苜蓿2、3、4年后的改土效果。结果表明：与CK相比,连续种植4年后,所测定的土壤化学性质和微生物化学性质指标都发生了极显著（P〈0.01）的有利变化,电导率下降5.96 mS.cm-1,pH下降0.25,有机碳增加1.50 g.kg-1,微生物生物量碳增加48.93 mg.kg-1,微生物熵上升0.43%,荧光素二乙酸酯水解率提高10.87μg.g-1.h-1,碱解氮增加17.37 mg.kg-1,速效磷增加2.87 mg.kg-1,速效钾增加44.93 mg.kg-1。相关分析表明,微生物生物量碳、微生物熵、荧光素二乙酸酯水解率、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾与土壤有机碳之间极显著（P〈0.01）正相关,相关系数分别为0.86、0.80、0.87、0.85、0.79、0.80,而与电导率之间极显著（P〈0.01）负相关,相关系数分别为-0.83、-0.79、-0.84、-0.86、-0.88、-0.78。研究认为,种植紫花苜蓿对草甸盐土有显著的改良效果,电导率下降,有机碳含量提高,微生物活性增强,速效养分含量增加。     

一种计算粒子电迁移率的新模型

近几年来,粒子电迁移率引起了更多学者的注意。因为它是表征带电粒子在电场中运动的重要参数之一。在这方面,人们已作了大量的研究工作,提出了一些计算粒子电迁移率的理论和半经验模型。基于前人的研究,本文提出了一种计算粒子电迁移率的新模型,并用前人的实验结果和本研究的实验结果对此模型进行了检验。计算结果和实验数据很吻合。就某种意义上讲,此模型是对以前模型的扩展和改进,它可广泛应用于溶胶的研究和工业应用。     

亮蓝与日落黄染料的水中电晕放电脱色比较

利用一种能够产生大体积水下脉冲电晕放电的同轴棒-筒电极结构对亮蓝及日落黄染料溶液进行脱色降解,从耗时及耗能角度对脱色效果进行对比。实验发现溶液电导率增加对两种染料脱色速率影响都不大,但能耗增加,相同电导率下日落黄脱色速率大于亮蓝,而能耗低于亮蓝。pH值升高时两种染料脱色速率都减慢且能耗增加,酸性条件下日落黄脱色速率大于亮蓝、能耗低于亮蓝。     

Surface modification of die steel materials by EDM method using tungsten powder-mixed dielectric

Surface modification by material transfer during electrical discharge machining (EDM) has emerged as a key research area in the last decade. Material may be provided to the machined surface of the workpiece by the eroding tool electrode or by using powder-mixed dielectric. Breakdown of the hydrocarbon dielectric contributes carbon to the plasma channel which may also cause surface modification. The present work has investigated the response of three die steel materials to surface modification by EDM method with tungsten powder mixed in the dielectric medium. Taguchi experimental design technique was used to conduct the experiments on each work material independently. Peak current, pulse on-time and pulse off-time were taken as variable factors and micro-hardness of the machined surface was taken as the response parameter. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and spectrometric analysis show substantial transfer of tungsten and carbon to the workpiece surface and an improvement of more than 100% in micro-hardness for all the three die steels. Presence of tungsten carbide (WC and W₂C) indicates that its formation is taking place in the plasma channel. Machining parameters for the best value of micro-hardness for each work material were found to be the same.     

硝酸-PPy/AQDS联合处理改善阳极性能的分析表征

阳极性能是影响微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cells,MFCs)性能的关键因素之一.通过吡咯聚合、蒽醌-2,6-磺酸钠盐(AQDS)掺杂以及库仑量调控将不同厚度的PPy/AQDS复合薄膜电沉积至硝酸处理的碳毡阳极上,以期整合碳毡阳极的生物亲合性、导电性及电子传递能力,同时强化阳极的这3种性能.结果表明,随着整合强度的加强,阳极性能逐步得到提升,整合阳极在阳极生物量、电导率以及交换电流密度方面优于对照组2.4~3.3倍,其中0.12 C·cm~(-2)的整合阳极表现出最高的峰值电流(2.86 m A)、最大的阳极生物量(0.44 mg·cm-2)、最大的电导率(0.33 S·cm~(-1))、最大的交换电流密度(3.65×10~(-3)A·m~(-2))以及最小的传质阻力,其对应MFC的最大功率密度达1 060.7 m W·m~(-2),是对照组的2.2倍,阳极开路电势接近-0.55V.循环伏安、电化学阻抗谱、扫描电镜和塔菲尔测试进一步揭示了PPy/AQDS复合薄膜在阳极碳纤维之间的联接、架桥作用,使得不同纤维丝之间的接触更加均匀,减小了电子在生物膜与阳极之间、阳极与外回路之间的传递阻力;同时,沉积于碳毡阳极的PPy/AQDS复合薄膜与硝酸处理后阳极表面形成的吡咯氮类官能团之间的协同作用可能是整合阳极性能提升的本质原因所在.     

Influence of workpiece materials on aerosol emission from die sinking electrical discharge machining process

Simultaneous investigation of environmental emissions and machining aspects of electrical discharge machining process is essential for achieving hygienic and efficient machining. The main objective of the present work is to experimentally investigate and analyze the aerosol emission rate and the material removal rate from a die sinking electrical discharge machining process for three commonly used work piece materials viz., tool steel, mild steel and aluminum using Taguchi methodology of Experimental Design in order to suggest suitable process conditions for green manufacturing. The aerosol emission profile of all workpiece materials was found to be closely related to the material removal profile. A significant variation in emission and material removal rate was observed for workpiece materials which may be accorded to the variation in melting and vaporization temperatures. It was also observed that majority of aerosol constituents evolved from workpiece materials and that the constituents with low melting points were having high relative concentration in the aerosol emitted. The study introduced a parameter, the relative emission rate for comparing the emission for various process parameters and workpiece–tool material combinations. The favorable machining parameters for each material were then identified by employing signal to noise ratio analysis of the relative emission rate.     

填埋场衬层渗漏的电学法检测研究进展

综述了几种常用的填埋场渗漏检测方法,指出电学法已成为填埋场不同运行阶段（施工期和运营期）渗漏检测的主流方法。分析了各阶段电学检测方法的适用条件和优缺点,在防渗膜铺设阶段,常利用双电极法或电极-偶极子法进行施工完整性检测;在填埋场运营期间,根据场地实际情况可以选择电极格栅法、基于物联网的监测预警云平台、阵列式偶极子法或高密度电法进行膜渗漏检测及长期监测。     

Pollution profiles and physicochemical parameters in old uncontrolled landfills

The long-term effectiveness of the geological barrier beneath municipal-waste landfills is a critical issue for soil and groundwater protection. This study examines natural clayey soils directly in contact with the waste deposited in three landfills over 12 years old in Spain. Several physicochemical and geological parameters were measured as a function of depth. Electrical conductivity (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), Cl⁻, NH₄⁺, Na⁺ and exchangeable NH₄⁺ and Na⁺ were used as parameters to measure the penetration of landfill leachate pollution. Mineralogy, specific surface area and cationic-exchange capacities were analyzed to characterize the materials under the landfills. A principal component analysis, combined with a Varimax rotation, was applied to the data to determine patterns of association between samples and variables not evident upon initial inspection. The main factors explaining the variation in the data are related to waste composition and local geology. Although leachates have been in contact with clays for long time periods (13-24 years), WSOC and EC fronts are attenuated at depths of 0.2-1.5 m within the clay layer. Taking into account this depth of the clayey materials, these natural substrata (>45% illite-smectite-type sheet silicates) are suitable for confining leachate pollution and for complying with European legislation. This paper outlines the relevant differences in the clayey materials of the three landfills in which a diffusive flux attenuation capacity (A_c) is defined as a function (1) of the rate of decrease of the parameters per meter of material, (2) of the age and area of the landfill and (3) of the quantity and quality of the wastes.     

兆欧表的禁忌分析与防范措施

通过对电气领域的电气安全问题长期研究以及对测试工作中经验、教训的总结,针对兆欧表在电气领域应用中的十六种不正确、不妥当的使用方法,对其错误及危害性逐项进行分析探讨,并提出了相应的改进办法及防范措施。实践表明,这些改进办法及防范措施在电气技术工作和安全生产管理中具有一定的实用价值。